The papers are here for a closer look
These are the sources behind the pages. I’ve kept a little context beside each link, so you can see whether you’re opening cell work, animal research, a human trial or an FDA document.
Evidence with its setting attached
Find the claim, then follow its link
On the topic pages, each source sits beside the claim it supports. This page brings those sources together. You can use it to find a paper again without hunting through the whole guide.
I pay attention to the people or animals studied, what was given and what was measured. A result can be useful without answering every question about a peptide. A review adds context, but it doesn’t turn the work it discusses into a new experiment.
Does a link settle the whole paragraph?
It supports a particular claim, not every possible conclusion. If my wording goes further than the paper, send the sentence through the corrections page. A clear link should make a claim easier to question as well as easier to follow.
My take
The paper is there to be read, not just to make the page look well supported.
Counting deaths alongside cell activity
Immune cells and hospital outcomes
- The hospital trial of thymosin alpha-1
Wu J, Pei F, Zhou L, et al. BMJ, 2025. No clear reduction in deaths within 28 days in adults with sepsis, a life-threatening reaction to infection. SciClone Pharmaceuticals supported the trial; some authors reported grants or fees from it.
- How thymosin alpha-1 affected immune cells
Romani L, Bistoni F, Montagnoli C, et al. Blood, 2006. Mechanism work, rather than a test of everyday resistance to illness.
- A broad literature review of thymosin alpha-1
Dominari A, Hathaway III D, Pandav K, et al. World Journal of Virology, 2020. Background on the peptide and the clinical settings studied.
Do these sources answer the same question?
The cell work explores immune activity. The sepsis trial asks about deaths in hospital patients. Neither replaces the other. The review is background reading; I don’t use it to make a broad promise about everyday immunity.
My take
Keep the clinical result beside the interesting biology.
Keep delivery inside the finding
Delivery and tissue repair
- KPV uptake through PepT1
Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, et al. Gastroenterology, 2008. Cell uptake and mouse bowel-inflammation experiments.
- A delivery system for KPV in mice with bowel inflammation
Xiao B, Xu Z, Viennois E, et al. Molecular Therapy, 2017. A particular delivery system tested in mice.
- BPC-157 and blood-vessel growth in preclinical work
Hsieh MJ, et al. Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2017. Cell, chick-membrane and rat work on vessel growth and blood flow.
- Following BPC-157 through rats and dogs
He L, et al. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2022. What happened to the peptide in two animal species.
- The two-adult BPC-157 infusion pilot
Lee E, Burgess K. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2025. Two adults received intravenous infusions, into a vein; there was no comparison group.
What was part of the preparation?
For KPV, the carrier belongs in the mouse finding. For BPC-157, animal handling and a small human pilot answer different questions. Changing the route, preparation or species means checking whether the original conclusion still fits.
My take
The setup is part of the result, even when it makes the headline less tidy.
Withdrawn requests and safety gaps
FDA wording and safety questions
- The FDA’s withdrawn-nomination entries and safety concerns
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Page current as of April 22, 2026. Includes the separate table of nominations that were withdrawn.
- FDA assessment of the BPC-157 ingredient and evidence
FDA briefing document for the July 23–24, 2026 advisory meeting. Human evidence, naming problems and safety gaps.
- FDA assessment of KPV and its missing human data
FDA briefing document for the July 23–24, 2026 advisory meeting. No identified human exposure data and major gaps in safety testing.
- FDA presentation on thymosin alpha-1 quality and safety
FDA presentations for the December 4, 2024 advisory meeting. Immune effects, reported reactions and concerns about ingredient quality.
- FDA discussion of thymosin alpha-1 and foreign label warnings
FDA briefing document for the December 4, 2024 advisory meeting. Includes its summary of the Italian thymalfasin product label.
What does the date tell us?
April 22, 2026 is the date shown on the FDA safety page. It isn’t a withdrawal date for each substance. A withdrawn nomination is not clearance or approval for compounding, and a safety review is not a guarantee that a preparation is safe.
My take
Read the agency’s question as carefully as the experiment’s.